Environmental Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Natural Science - Essay Example This paper pronounces that Environmental science incorporates issues, for example, environmental change, protection, biodiversity, groundwater and soil sullying, utilization of characteristic assets, squander the executives, practical turn of events, air contamination and commotion contamination. This paper focuses on that notwithstanding a more noteworthy responsibility by the World Government’s to secure general wellbeing, backwoods, and natural life, arrangements equipped to build up the nation's economy have come first over the most recent 20 years. While modern advancement has contributed fundamentally to financial development in India, it has done as such at a cost to the earth. Not exclusively are mechanical contamination expanding general wellbeing dangers, yet decrease endeavors additionally are devouring a critical segment of nations total national output. The world ecological circumstance is probably going to be additionally irritated by the inexorably quick, enormous scope worldwide eradication of species. It happened in the twentieth century at a rate that was a thousand times higher than the normal rate during the previous 65 million years. This is probably going to destabilize different biological systems including rural frameworks. The assortment of lif e on Earth, its organic decent variety is regularly alluded to as biodiversity. The quantity of types of plants, creatures, and microorganisms, the gigantic decent variety of qualities in these species, the various environments on the planet, for example, deserts, rainforests and coral reefs are all piece of an organically differing Earth.

Kirkpatrick Model of Training free essay sample

Donald Kirkpatricks 1975 book Evaluating Training Programs characterized his initially distributed thoughts of 1959, consequently further expanding consciousness of them, so his hypothesis has now become seemingly the most generally utilized and famous model for the assessment of preparing and learning. Kirkpatricks four-level model is presently viewed as an industry standard over the HR and preparing networks. The four degrees of preparing assessment model was later re-imagined and refreshed in Kirkpatricks 1998 book, called Evaluating Training Programs: The Four Levels. LevelEvaluation Type (what is measured)Evaluation Description Characteristics 1 Reaction-response assessment is how the students felt about the preparation or learning experience 2 Learning-learning assessment is the estimation of the expansion in information when 3 Behavior-conduct assessment is the degree of applied learning back hands on usage 4 Results - results assessment is the impact on the business or condition by the learner evelevaluation type (what is measured)evaluation portrayal and characteristicsexamples of assessment apparatuses and methodsrelevance and practicability 1 response assessment is how the agents felt, and their own responses to the preparation or learning experience, for instance: - did the students like and appreciate the preparation?

Alcohol Relapse and Cravings

Alcohol Relapse and Cravings October 24, 2019 Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery There is evidence that approximately 90 percent of alcoholics are likely to experience at least one relapse over the 4-year period following treatment. The relapse rate for alcohol is similar to those for nicotine and heroin addiction. Some researchers believe the high rate of relapse for alcohol and drug addicts is due to impaired control caused by chemical changes that have taken place in the brains of alcoholics and addicts, changing the brains reward system. Some researchers believe this impaired control is responsible for an alcoholic picking up the first drink of a relapse, while others believe impaired control kicks in after that first drink, making it difficult for the alcoholic to stop drinking once they start. Studies have found that the severity of alcohol dependence affects the alcoholics ability to stop drinking after the first drink. The Role of Craving in Relapse The concept of drug and alcohol craving is somewhat controversial, with some investigators believing that environmental stimuli play a larger role in relapse than physiological urges. But, researchers Ludwig and Stark found that the best way to determine if alcohol craving actually exists is to simply ask alcoholics. They asked study participants if they felt a need for alcohol, in the same manner as you would ask if someone was hungry. Their research found that alcoholics display classic Pavlovian conditioning to internal and external stimuli to the reinforcing effects of alcohol. For example, driving past a familiar bar or experiencing a negative mood, could both set off a craving for alcohol. Euphoric Recall and Appetitive Urges Internal and external cues that evoke the memory of the euphoric effects of alcohol set off an appetitive urge, similar to hunger, in the alcoholic. Similarly, the memory of the discomfort of alcohol withdrawal could also produce a craving for alcohol, the researchers report. Other studies have found that exposure to alcohol, without consumption, can stimulate a salivary response in alcoholics. One study found that alcoholics had significantly greater and more rapid insulin and glucose responses to the consumption of a placebo beer, compared to nonalcoholics. Expectations Play a Role in Relapse Other researchers have theorized that relapse prevention depends on the alcoholics expectations about his or her ability to cope with alcohol cues. They believe whether or not the first drinks leads to an excessive-drinking relapse depends on the alcoholics: Skills to cope with high-risk situationsLevel of perceived personal controlThe anticipated positive effects of alcohol High-Risk Situations Investigators who analyzed 48 relapse episodes found that most were prompted by the following high-risk situations: Frustration and angerSocial pressureInterpersonal temptation Assuming an Active Role in Relapse Prevention To overcome these high-risk situations, some researchers believe that alcoholics must assume an active role in changing their behavior by: Modify lifestyle to enhance the ability to cope with stress and high-risk situationsIdentify and respond appropriately to internal and external cues that serve as relapse warning signalsImplement self-control strategies to reduce the risk of relapse in any situation Several studies have found that teaching alcoholics the skills needed to deal with high-risk situations by practicing how they would cope can reduce relapse rates. Another approach focuses on cue elimination. Many different strategies have been proposed, but in the end, 90% of alcoholics experience at least one relapse. A Medication That Reduces Craving Relapse prevention made great strides with the advent of medications that would reduce cravings. Naltrexone hydrochloride, sold as the brand name Revia and Depade and in an extended-release form under the trade name Vivitrol, was the first medication approved for the treatment of alcoholism that reduced the craving for alcohol. Naltrexone seems to work by decreasing the reinforcing effects of alcohol in the neural pathways of the brain by influencing the neurotransmitter dopamine and others. Experts believe that a combination of pharmaceutical treatment and behavioral therapy, along with participation in mutual support groups, may be the most effective effort to prevent drug and alcohol relapse.

Factors Influencing Teenage Girls Made - 922 Words

Projected Findings When asked if environmental factors had an influence on major decisions teenage girls made pertaining to their body 40%(ten out of twenty-five) of the teenage girls stated that environment factors have influenced their decision on their body. Thirty six percent (nine out of twenty-five) of the young ladies surveyed responded that they have people they can talk to in their home or neighborhood when making decisions. Sadly, only 20% of the young ladies recorded being aware of the correct usage of contraceptives before their first sexual experience. Seventy two percent (eighteen out of twenty five) of the young ladies stated they understood what it took to make a baby. Forty eight percent of the young ladies surveyed stated they lived in a financially stable home. What constituted a financially stable home in this research was a parent or parents who have been working a job consistently for 6 months or more. Forty four percent (eleven out of twenty five) of the young ladies agreed that promiscuous behavior led to unwanted pregnancies. The young ladies who did not agree often bought up friends and family members around them who were very promiscuous and did not get pregnant like they did. Forty percent (ten out of twenty five) stated they understood how the spread of HIV and STIs are transmitted. A common pattern the teenage girls stated is that you can tell when somebody has a sexually transmitted disease orShow MoreRelatedReality Shows : Helping Or Hurting Teenage Girls?1370 Words   |  6 PagesHurting Teenage Girls?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While teenage pregnancy has been on the rise in America since the 1950’s, researchers have been trying to look for an ideal solution that will help solve the problem by declining teenage birth rates. Perhaps there is a potential solution after all. What could this solution possibly be? Well, it might be as simple as the reality shows â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† on the MTV network. Ever since airing in 2009, the shows â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† have made a positiveRead MoreSocial Media and Society Negatively Influence Gender Roles1376 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to consider the many factors that influence and enforce gender roles and at what point they are the most influential in a person’s life. People no matter what age they are, are affected by perpetual gender prejudices. However, the age at which everyone is the most vulnerable is between the ages of 9 and 15. At these ages kids are just beginning to find themselves. During this stage they seem to be vulnerable in the sense that they are influenced by many different factors including the environmentRead MoreHealth Education Reduction Of Teenage Pregnancy1647 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTH EDUCATION REDUCTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (2010-2015) Introduction Teenage pregnancy (known as under-18 conception) negatively affects the health and wellbeing of both the young mothers and their children. Early parenthood is prone to the risk of postnatal depression, poor health (including mental health), social exclusion and by the age of thirty (30) there are more likely to live in poverty, have limited education, career and economic prospect. There is high risk ofRead MoreCommunity Based Nursing : The Collaboration Of Healthcare Providers With The Communities And The Populations Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pagesapply the nursing process to aggregates at risk while implementing my community health project. Furthermore, collaborating with community partners in planning and presenting my community health project. We all worked together to figure out what girls were available to be present and organizing the room for the presentation. We had a pretty good turnout in which the young women at the school were interactively engaged with the presentati on. When it came to employing analytical reasoning and criticalRead MoreResearch Paper on the Effects of Mass Media on the Perfect Body Image1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermine what body image should be? The desire for the perfect body has been prevalent throughout society for a vast majority of time. What makes teenage girls feel the need to strive for this â€Å"perfect body†? Some have asked, â€Å"†¦a rapidly growing body of research addresses the question of whether body perfect ideals in the mass media are a core risk factor for negative body image, particularly in women† (Dittmar, Helga) My hypothesis is â€Å"Does the media influence adolescent girl’s weight concernsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Norms Affected By Race, Religion, And Social Status1669 Words   |  7 Pagesmany domains. A bulk of the teenage population is starting to believe that teen pregnancy is customary and okay. A persons’ background has a lot to say about how weakly or strongly this norm is enforced. Although it is difficult to get a full variation of pregnancy norms in high schools across the nation, the three main aspects that influence teen pregnancy are race, religion, and social status. It is hypothesized that social status has the highest correlation to teenage pregnancy. If a teenager’sRead More The Impacts of Poor Health Choices on the Health1302 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical, psychological, social and economical well being of an individual. A person can be healthy or unwell depending on the aspects affecting .Social determinants are one of the most factors influencing health which may be resulting in the wellness or illness of the people. This essay will argue that the choices made by men and women in the early life effect their health and well being. It will provide a detailed account of the impacts of poor choices on people`s health by following the examples ofRead MoreThe Primary Contributing Factors to Crime and Violence in Jamaica1663 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Are The Primary Contributing Factors To Crime And Violence In Jamaica Jamaica is a small third world country in the Caribbean with a population of approximately 2, 709, 300 people. The country faces many problems yearly but the worst is the ever increasing crime rate. In October 2011 Jamaica was ranked 3rd in a report of countries with the highest crime rates by the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development . The country has taken a turn for the worst over the past few years. OurRead MoreThe Globalization Of Eating Disorders1623 Words   |  7 Pagesthe story of a young girl â€Å"never fat to begin with, she’s been on a diet for a couple of weeks and has finally reached her goal weight of 115 at 5 to 4 inches†¦ but in her eyes she still looks dumpy† (639). The author goes on to make a point to this narrative, but just the thought of this girl’s unhappy nature with herself, is enough to captivate the audiences’ emotions. The author uses this type of the pathos appeal throughout the rest of the writing to con tinue influencing the emotions of her audienceRead MoreIntroduction Based on extensive literature reviews on teenage substance abuse and interventions,1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Based on extensive literature reviews on teenage substance abuse and interventions, this report examines the flaws and weaknesses of traditional interventions in curbing the menace and proposes a design in community intervention to make it efficient and effective. Recent studies show that the overall trend of lifeline drug-taking secondary school going students rose from 3.3 % in 2005 to 4.3% by the end of 2009. The age at which students begin to use drugs has continuously decreased

Definition and Examples of Quotations in Prose

Sex’ vs ‘Sexuality Free Essays

Assembling an Understanding of ‘Sex’ Verses ‘Sexuality’ â€Å"Biologists and psychologists who have accepted the doctrine that the only natural function of sex is reproduction have simply ignored the existence of sexual activity which is not reproductive† Alfred Kinsey (The Invention of Sexuality 40) The terms ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ have not always had a clear differentiation, but as the study of sexuality (sexology) has continued and become more commonly studied and recognized, these terms have adapted their own definitions. However, each does not have a perfect definition, because people will have their own opinions regarding the terms. The above quote by a historian of sex was interesting to me because it brings up the aspect of biology within the understanding of the terms ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex’ vs ‘Sexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now My personal idea, or understanding, is that ‘sex’ constitutes the more biological side— ones physical features, gender, reproduction (‘sex’ is also the abbreviation for sexual intercourse); and the term ‘sexuality’ makes up everything else that surrounds an individual’s definition of their sexual identity, orientation, and feelings. When reading articles online, I came across this quote: â€Å"sexuality is about who or what you are attracted to, not where you put your dick† (bitheway), which I found to be a very blunt but interesting way to think about what constitutes ‘sexuality’. â€Å"Where you put your †¦Ã¢â‚¬  is your personal preference, but that preference is a compilation of the aspects of one’s personal world and how they have come to define and understand their individual inclination. All of the parts that are compiled in order to form ones individual definition are aspects of ‘sexuality’ within our culture. Another page online gives definitions for ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ that I have found to be the most clear and complete: Sex refers to whether or not a person is male or female, whether a person has a penis or vagina. Sexuality refers to the total expression of who you are as a human being, your femaleness or your maleness†¦ Your sexuality is an interplay between body image, gender identity, gender role, sexual orientation, eroticism, genitals, intimacy, relationships, and love and affection†¦ includes his or her attitudes, values, knowledge and behaviors. How people express their sexuality is influenced by their families, culture, society, faith and beliefs. (Sex and Sexuality: Understanding the Differences) The influence from all aspects of our lives that guide us to define our sexuality is a major component in sexology. The italicized words in the definition above are some I think are very significant in understanding what constitutes ‘sexuality’. Since the study of sex started to dramatically change, there has been more understanding within so many topics of sexuality, such as gender (roles and variance), marriage and the family, homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality, intersex, trans-gender/sex/vestite, evolution of sexual identities, legal and medical regulation, religious roles/codes, phallocentricism, women’s bodies and health, illegitimacy, â€Å"and the importance of social networks and oppositional sexualities† (The Invention of Sexuality 39). This is only the first week that I have studied sexuality and culture in an educational environment, and after enjoying many sources of new material I have begun to compile my own understanding of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’, which is just the beginning of my learning on the subject. One of the most important aspects to take away from these introductory lessons is how grand of a role society and culture have on sexuality. It is so important to be aware of and take into account culture’s influence on sexuality now and within the history of sex. In our US society (and this is a generalization) some vital influences are class, race/ethnicity, gender, age, family history and how one was raised, physical ability, religion and region. Now that I have collected a better understanding of ‘sex’ and ‘sexuality’ as educational terms, I can further my knowledge of everything that makes up sexuality within cultures around the world. Bitheway. Sex Verses Sexuality. Bi The Way: An exploration of Male Bisexuality. 6 May 2008. http://www. bitheway. co. uk/2008/05/06/sex-versus-sexuality/. Sex and Sexuality: Understanding the Differences (Learning Activity). RECAPP 2007-2009. http://www. etr. org/recapp/index. cfm? fuseaction=pages. LearningActivitiesDeta ilPageID=167 The Invention of Sexuality. Sexual Lives: A Reader on the Theories and Realities of Human Sexualities. McGraw-Hill, 2003. How to cite Sex’ vs ‘Sexuality, Essay examples

The Colour Purple Essays - The Color Purple,

The Colour Purple A Lesson Well Learned The Color Purple Alice Walker, POCKET BOOKS/WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS, 1982. The intensively descriptive novel, The Color Purple is about Celie, a woman born in the early 1900s, unselfishly surviving the social injustices of those times. As the novel unfolds, Celie experiences so much sorrow, that she is forced to grow up quickly and learn to appreciate the little that life has to offer her. As new people enter her life, she is encouraged to look at life differently and she discovers that she too can have a chance to laugh and love. The themes Alice Walker tries to convey are the reoccuring themes of learning, love and happiness. Understanding the themes allowed me to find the novel fulfilling, well thought out and suitable for young adults, for throughout Celies life, she connected with several people who touched heart and showed her the meaning of joy. During her life, she had three strong teachers: Nettie, Sophia and Shug Avery. Celies first joy was definitely Nettie, her younger sister. From early childhood, they shared the same fears and hope. Nettie taught Celie how to hope from a very young age. This was Celies first step to happiness. One instance was Netties persistance in teaching Celie how to read. Nettie constantly pushed her to keep trying and always left her with a positive attitude. Celie, you smart too., Nettie would tell her, and slowly but surely, Celie did learn to read. Nettie shared her intelligence but could not improve Celies soft-spoken and weak personality. Sofia, Celies step daughter in law, on the other hand was a very strong woman, both physically and mentally. She had a naturally overbearing personality from the first time her character was introduced. Her self-confidence and certainty not only helped her improve the sexist ways of her time, but made Celie realize that she too, could gain control and change the horrible way she was treated by her husband. A prime example of a time where she inspired Celie was when Celie was in the field and Harpo, her step-son, had asked her how he could change his relationship with Sophia so that he could order her around. Celies only response was beat her because that was the only thing that happened in her relationship with her husband. When Sophia found out that Celie had told him to do that, she approached Celie and told her that she had worked all her life for respect and that when she finally had it, Celie had to try and turn things around. This was when Celie discovered that she could help c hange the sexist ways of her husband, but once again, her weak personality kept her from doing so. The person who impacted Celies life the most was the eccentric Shug Avery. She was a famous singer who happened to appear in Celies life at the perfect time. Shug helped Celie tie all her learned lessons together to complete the circle. Shug taught Celie that she shouldnt let life happen to her, but that she should make life happen. Celie loved Shugs freedom and wanted independence of her own. Shug helped Celie take charge of her own destiny. Shug had a very positive influence on Celie and her influence made Celie turn her entire life around. Celie left her husband and started a brand new life full of happiness. The Color Purple is a spirited novel full of well-learned lessons. It holds the keys to the happiness of a black woman of the early 1900s. Celie was taught to hope, to have self respect, and to control her life. This book gives us a better understanding of our perception of life and love by first showing us misery, and then happiness. Bibliography Alice Walker, POCKET BOOKS/WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS, 1982. Book Reports

Sycamore - Not Just a Planetree

Sycamore - Not Just a Planetree The sycamore tree (​Platanus occidentalis) is readily identifiable with broad, maplelike leaves and a trunk and limb complexion of mixed green, tan and cream. Some suggest it looks like camouflage. It is a member of one of the planets oldest clan of trees (Platanaceae) and paleobotanists have dated the family to be over 100 million years old. Living sycamore trees can reach ages of five hundred to six hundred years. The American sycamore or western planetree is North Americas largest native broadleaf tree and is often planted in yards and parks. Its hybridized cousin, the London planetree, adapts very well to urban living. The improved sycamore is New York Citys tallest street tree and is the most common tree in Brooklyn, New York. Champion The record American sycamore, according to The Urban Tree Book and the Big Tree Register, is 129 feet tall. This Jeromesville, Ohio tree has a limb spread that spans 105 feet and the trunk measures 49 feet in circumference. Threats Unfortunately, sycamore is susceptible to anthracnose fungus which makes leaves turn brown and contorts stem growth. Witches brooms or leafless sprout clusters form and grow along the limbs. Most urban plantings are of the hybrid London planetree because of its resistance to anthracnose. Habitat and Lifestyle The deciduous sycamore is fast growing and sun-loving, growing seventy feet in seventeen years on a good site. Very often it divides into two or more trunks near the ground and its massive branches form a wide-spreading, irregular crown. Mature trees usually develop hollow portions and areas of decay making them vulnerable to wind and ice. The outer bark peels away to create a mottled patchwork of tans, whites, grays, greens and sometimes yellows. The inner bark is usually smooth. The leaves are very large with 3 to 5 leaf lobes and are often 7 to 8 inches long and wide. Stalked unisexual flowers of both sexes appear on the same tree when leaves emerge. Fruits dangle from long stems and are aggregates of feathery seed nutlets (achenes). The tree is a very aggressive stump sprouter. Lore The tree was probably named by early colonists who noted a resemblance to the English sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). The sycamore tree of the Bible is actually the sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus).The tree is not very good for construction but is highly prized as butcher blocks.A hybrid developed from the American sycamore, called the London planetree, has become the urban tree of choice in North America and Europe.Sycamore seeds accompanied the lunar orbit of Apollo 14 in 1971 and were planted across from Philadelphias Independence Hall.

How Spelling Diverges Between American and British English

How Spelling Diverges Between American and British English How Spelling Diverges Between American and British English How Spelling Diverges Between American and British English By Mark Nichol As George Bernard Shaw is said to have said, â€Å"England and America are two countries separated by the same language.† It’s easy enough to find books and Web sites that provide evidence to back the old boy up, detailing such transoceanic translations as elevator/lift and critical divergences such as the relative meanings of â€Å"knocked up† (British English: â€Å"called on,† â€Å"woke up,† or â€Å"worn out†: American English: â€Å"impregnated†). What you’ll find here, however, is a discussion of differences not in vocabulary but in spelling between the English language’s two primary variants. The blame for the ornery orthography of American English (which is even more annoying to its users than to those who speak other variants of the language, because we actually have to, you know, use it) is primary laid at the oft-pedestal-mounted feet of Noah Webster, a nineteenth-century writer, editor, and lexicographer who almost single-handedly created the dialect I will hereafter in this post abbreviate as AE (as opposed to BE, or British English). Webster’s impetus was nationalistic he desired a distinct language for Americans that they could feel they owned, and one that represented democratic ideals as well. The problem is, for all his meticulousness, he was maddeningly inconsistent, and the myriad successors who have added to the American word-hoard have followed suit. Here, to do my part to make amends, is a brief guide to the major distinctions in AE and BE spelling (and within AE spelling itself), with one or more examples: -ae (encyclopaedia, mediaeval) AE usually deletes the a from the diphthong ae, which is unfortunate, because the words look so cool with it. It is retained, however, in such words as aesthetic (though that word is also spelled esthetic). -ed (fitted, forecasted, knitted) AE usually drops the past-tense ending in these words. However, exceptions are made in such usages as â€Å"The tailor fitted him for a tuxedo.† -ed [irregular] (lighted, strived) AE prefers forms such as lit and strove, though the BE forms are often employed. -ement (acknowledgement, arguement, judgement) AE omits the first e from the suffix, though some writers of AE remain unaware as far as the first and third examples are concerned. -ence (defence, licence, offence) AE spells these words with an s in place of a c. -ise/-yse (analyse, criticise, memorise, realise) AE favors -ize/-yze endings. -l (enrol, fulfil, skilful) AE doubles the l that is not part of -ful/ful-; the l in that syllable is never doubled (except in inflected forms of full). -lled/-lling (cancelled/cancelling, levelled/levelling, travelled/travelling) AE omits one l in this form; some writers of AE still haven’t received the memo. -mme (diagramme, programme, telegramme) AE omits the second m and the e at the end of these words. -ogue (analogue, catalogue, dialogue, epilogue) In AE, catalog is clipped, though the full form is preferred for all its analogues. (See?) -our (colour, favour, honour, labour) In AE, the u is jettisoned in most words with -our; glamour is an exception. -oeuvre (manoeuvre) AE simplifies this ending to -euver (maneuver). -que (banque, checque) In AE, the French-influenced -que is replaced by a Germanic k. -re (centre, litre, metre, theatre) In AE, the letters in the -re ending are reversed, though the BE spelling for the first and last examples is sometimes employed in proper names for facilities to convey Old World class. -st (amidst, amongst) In AE, amid and among are preferred, though many writers of AE, professionals and amateurs alike, retain the -st ending. -t (dreamt, leapt, learnt) AE replaces -t with -ed, though some writers of AE, out of ignorance or because they prefer the more poetically pleasing appearances, use the BE form. -wards (backwards, inwards, upwards) AE omits the -s, though many writers of AE retain it (often inconsistently from one word to another). -xion (complexion, connexion) This suffix is unique to complexion, spelled identically in AE and BE, and connexion, now almost obsolete in the United Kingdom. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical WordsRound vs. Around5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Communication and Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication and Media - Essay Example Wherever we look the availability of information bombards us with the need to accumulate. In a time where we are no longer bounded by only three forms of media, namely, television, radio and print, it would seem not viable to remain ignorant. It is clichà ©d to say that the world is now at our fingerprints but it is a clichà © because it is a reality that we experience regularly. The availability of information contributes to the power and the idea that knowledge is a commodity that can and should be availed of. When we look at how information is a product, we only need to look at the interaction between the people and the business of communication. Knowledge moves people and the possession of it can mean a difference between success and failure. The history of the marketability of news as a commodity has developed from mass communication’s evolution as a veritable business. The increase in the number of published magazines, journals, newspapers, books and other print materials is a manifestation of this. Radio stations have crossed over the airwaves to the cyber world and television now has a plethora of channels to choose from that can be grouped a number of ways. Society today depends highly on information to keep it on track for people to do daily activities from work to other aspects of everyday living. We base our decisions on facts and assumptions but mostly based on experience in reference to how we execute our work but in daily life it is our reliance on the media that is the basis of conformity in our decisions accordingly. From the current news to the facts, these are the things that we keep aware of for valid reason (Ravuso, par.4). The question of how we value information is one that remains vague but comprehensible. Peter Drucker notes that the cost of an automobile can be broken down between 25% for labor and 40% for material compared to 10% labor cost, 1% material and 70% information for a silicone chip. This ratio is an

Homosexuality in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homosexuality in Britain - Essay Example According to the article, the orientation for preference to same sex relations remain covert as it was categorized as criminal in nature to expose homosexual acts, in private or in public, even by consenting adults prior to 1969. There was no organization in England promoting for any homosexual reform that it waited for American ideals of homosexual liberation to emerge. Despite the British laws prevailing to be predominantly homophobic, homosexual content in English literature still remained sporadic, depending on the creativity and restraint of the writer. British literature had patiently waited for fourteen years since the Wolfenden Report of 1953 recommending that homosexual behavior between consenting adults in private no longer be criminalized in England, before they can freely express homosexual content in their literary works. It is my personal contention that the issue of homosexuality remains to be controversial in other parts of the world until contemporary times. What American culture had promoted in terms of liberalizing homosexual behavior was readily accepted in other Western civilizations. Some Eastern culture remains to be still conservative in openly accepting homosexual acts given the cultural values and beliefs, especially pinning on religious orientations. In literature, however, I support freedom of creative expression including the writing of homosexual content conforming to ethical frameworks. Wanton disregard for the readers’ morals would render their literary work utterly improvident. I share Jeremy Bentham’s belief that in writing about homosexuality, one must weigh â€Å"the pleasure of consensual homosexual relations against the pain or harm it causes the general public†¦ by causing no harm to others, homosexuality is justified by the pleasures of those who practice it.† (glbtq, 2002,

Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism Essay

Maslows Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs Tourism Essay Introduction As we know that motivation is a process where our need activates a selected behavior thanks to we can try to achieve our goal, It drives us to act in a way to achieve our desire goal and it s the general term for all processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities. Maslow hierarchy of needs theory is one of the most popular motivation theories and its also considered one of the most important theories in psychology. According to Maslow people has a specific needs and they are motivated by their desire to satisfy these needs. In addition to this he arranged these needs in hierarchical order, he put physiological needs at the bottom of hierarchy ,followed by safety needs ,the belongingness and love needs after that esteem needs and at the top of hierarchy self -actualization need. He proposed that the lower -level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become important. Travel motivation reflects ones needs and wants and can b e viewed as a critical variable in relation to their purchase decisions. Maslow hierarchy theory help us to understand the different needs that motivate travelers and in other hand it will be enhancing service providers knowledge about what kinds of experiences travelers seek, especially for certain groups of people. Maslows hierarchy is considered a useful tool for understanding consumer motivations, developing marketing strategy, appropriate advertising appeals and as the basis for market segmentation and product positioning because consumer goods often serve to satisfy each of the need levels The determinants of travel decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are related to the travel motivations. Understanding of travelers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behavior. This paper will try to discuss the Maslow hierarchy theory in tourism and the importance of this theory in tourism field .this paper also involves some studies in tourism which based on Maslow hierarchy theory and how the authors applied this theory in tourism field. Maslow hierarchy of needs theory Hierarchy of needs theory was proposed in the 1943 by Abraham Maslow who was born in April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He received his BA in 1930, his MA in 1931, and his PhD in 1934, all in psychology, all from the University of Wisconsin. Maslow presented hierarchy of needs. On the bottom of the pyramid are all physiological and safety needs such us food, water, air, rest etc. Higher levels represent higher needs, which are more complex. An affiliation on the third level of the pyramid says about belonging to a groups such as family, school or work colleagues groups; a need of love and friendship. On the forth level are self-esteem needs such as respect, achievement, confidence, need of being recognized. Self-actualization needs are on the last level of the Maslows pyramid are creativity, morality, spontaneity, problem solving etc. He also proposed that the lower -level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs become important in addition to this Maslow in 1970 also discus two important needs related directly with tourism ;the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand .(maslow,1987) The basic need hierarchy 1-Physiological needs: in this level of hierarchy people must be satisfied their physiological need which involves basic survival needs such as the needs of air, water, food and shelter. People cant become concerned with other higher-order needs before they satisfy these needs 2-Safety needs: this level is the second level of maslow;s hierarchy of needs which concerns peoples need to be secure and safe in their environment. It includes the need for protection psychological and physical harm. 3-Belongingness and love need: these needs include dealing with and acceptance by other people, giving and receiving affection and friendship. Based on Maslows theory people cant reach to this level until satisfied their physiological and safety needs 4-Esteem needs: according to Maslow theses needs may be classified in to two subsidiary sets. First, the desire for achievement, adequacy, strength, competence and freedom.seconde we have what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige, status, recognition importance and dignity. 5-Self actualization needs: people need for self- actualization represents their desire to fulfill their potential, maximizing the use of their skills and abilities .malsow proposed that even if all the previous need are satisfied we may still often expect that anew discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual is doing what he or she, individually is fitted for.(Hitt ,Miller andColella,2006) There is no doubt that , all these needs affect the choice of destination selected by tourists by tourists, an extreme -adventure tourists might forgo all lower needs to satisfy self actualization. The basic idea of Maslows theory is that individuals are waiting beings they always desire more and that they want relays on what they already have. Its necessary to know that Maslows theory relates to individual development and motivation in life and not just to the behavior of people at work. Thats mean the hierarchy of needs can be applied to the satisfaction of the needs and expectations of tourists as well as to members of workers who work in tourist establishment. (Mulins, 1998) Maslow theory in tourism This theory is very important in tourism sector because the determinants of travel decision-making and the influential factors would also be examined since they are related to the travel motivations. Understanding of travelers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behavior. In addition to this, the satisfaction of people (tourists, employees) needs plays a vital role to develop this sector. According to Horner and Swarbrooke, (2001) satisfying the tourists in tourism is very important for three reasons:- It leads to positive word -of -mouth recommendation of the service to friends and families, which in turn brings in new tourists. Creating a repeat customer by satisfying them with their first use of product brings a steady source of income with no need for extra marketing expenditure Dealing with complaints is expensive, time-consuming and bad for the organizations reputation .further more; it can bring direct cost through compensation payment. In tourism we have two customers one who pay and the other who is working in tourists establishments .when we satisfy the workers need in workplace that will be reflected in their works and quality of service which provide to tourists. Maslow as we know that also discuss two important needs related directly with tourism ;the aesthetic need and the need to know and understand. these needs are less known to people because they were not included in the hierarchical needs model .however, from tourism standpoint , these needs carry more weight than others beyond the hierarchical needs model .people travel to learn about something new and to be exposed to objects of beauty. Unfortunately, a few tourism studies have applied Maslows model in relation to these two sets of human needs. (Hsu and Huang, 2008) Examples of tourists studies TOURISM MARKETING FOR CITIES AND TOWNS Using Branding and events to attract tourists By Bonita M. Kolb The author in his book used this theory when he discuss the factors which affect on a person behavior to chose tourist destination, we can observe that the Hierarchy of needs theory has direct application for marketing because many of these needs are satisfied through the purchase of services and products . Of course, person must continue to satisfy his basic need for food, clothing shelter and security even while they are satisfying his belonging and self-esteem needs. A well-designed tourism package will give Chance to tourists to satisfy many of their needs at the same time. After all, on matter how exciting is the places attraction, the tourist will still needing good food, a comfortable be, and personal security. Therefore, tourism marketers must provide information in their promotional on how tourists can satisfy their basic needs while stimunesaly promoting how a visit to the place will satisfy tourists need for belonging, self- esteem, and even self-actualization needs. Satisfying physiological and safety needs Tourists want assurance that the place can provide a suitable hotel rooms and high quality restaurants. Inn addition to this the tourists information about the places safety can encourage them to visit this place. Promotional materials must provide information on the places restaurants, hotels and safety[mark. in other hand money is one hotels award that is potentially related to these needs to the extent that it provides for food and shelter. , in addition to this workers must consider their jobs are security factors and as means for keeping what they have acquired ( mulins,1998) Satisfying belonging needs The social belonging and self -esteem needs play a key role to motivate people to visit any place by using a good promotion such as a small places or tourists destination can satisfy tourists belonging need by communicating a friendly and welcoming atmosphere. A large destination also can satisfy these needs through the number of tourists from every where can be helped to make tourists feel like they are apart of new social group. In addition to this when the tourists build a strong relationship with a local community that may help to motivate a repeat visit. In addition to this, Workers satisfaction in hotels may come from family relationships, a job usually provides an additional source of relationships, The manager can use this theory when he wants to motivate workers through give them money in order to satisfy them basic needs after that by communication can make a good work environment .also when the worker feels there are affair system in hotel thats mean career development he will be more satisfy To satisfy tourists belonging need, all tourists destination have to provide a social events and activities that allow tourists to deal with indigenous people and with other tourists .in other hand the workers in tourists establishment must satisfy their belonging needs Satisfying self esteem These needs also can be used to motivate people to visit by sharing the information about the trip with others after returning home. Tourists can satisfy their self -esteem by traveling to learn or improve skill or pursue anew or existing interest .in other hand these needs can be also be enhanced by participation in events that are unique or of limited availability .workers also can satisfy their esteem needs by money and financial rewards because they provide signals of peoples worth to the hotels. Satisfying self actualization Tourism may provide the chance for tourists to improve their own special skills or interests to a professional level; tourism marketers could improve a tourist package that involves advanced lectures by experts or training by celebrities. Self actualization also involves the need to do good for others; tourism marketers also must consider hosting special activities for tourists that also have an altruistic purpose. Maslows hierarchy and food tourism in Finland: five cases By Irma Tikkanen The author in this paper attempted to explore the field of food tourism in Finland by using Maslows theory in classification and how can the food tourism promoters emphasize on the need of people to motivate them According to Tikkanen food and beverage expenditure amount to one-third of overall tourist expenditure of the global tourism because eating is one of our physiological needs ,in addition to this in his paper he attempted to find the link between needs and motivations in hierarchy of needs and also how are they linked with tourism . As we know that Food need is one of the most important basic needs which person cant survive without it but also catering services and food images are very important ingredient of cultural tourism. In this paper the author mentioned that If the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, consequently, a new set of needs emerge, which may be categorized roughly as the safety needs, The safety needs represent the desire to be free of danger ,it is also a multidisciplinary problem. That includes food processing and legislation; management systems and organizational culture; microbiological, chemical and physical hazards; and human behavior. After the physiological and safety needs satisfied, needs of the need for love, affection and belongingness arise. The esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy. This may reflect internal feelings of strength, achievement, independence, or external desires of reputation, prestige, recognition, attention, etc Even if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the individual has an inward vocation. In other words, what a man can be, he must be. These needs called self-actualization. Food tourism defined asa visitation to primary and secondary food producers, food festivals, restaurants and specific locations for which food tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of specialist food production region are the primary motivating factor for travel. The authors believe that this definition is insufficient in explaining all food tourism and he agrees with the opinion which said that food and tourism have a strong related and Food has recognized as: a part of the local culture, which tourists consume; a part of tourist promotion; a potential component of local agricultural and economic development; and a regional factor that is affected by the consumption patterns and perceived preferences of the tourists. The authors in his study used multiple-case design because the evidence obtained this way is often regarded as more impressive and assuring. In addition to this five cases representing each type of need in Maslows theory of needs were selected. The goal of the identified five sectors with cases is to explain the case study findings with related to Maslows hierarchy of needs and its applicability into food tourism. According to authors the five sector of food tourism in Finland are; food tourism based on physiological needs, food tourism based on safety needs, food tourism based on esteem needs, and food tourism based on self-actualizing needs. In this paper author discussed food tourism respect to hierarchy of needs. Food tourism based on psychological needs:- When the main motivation of food tourism is physiological needs, food is then seen as a tourist attraction such as, on cruise ships the quality and the variety of the meals is attracting tourists, Thats mean the tourists want to satisfy their psychological needs through food tourism. The authors discussed the situation of food tourism in Finland and he mentioned that the international cruising food tourism dates back to the 1960s when cruising tourism started between Finland and Sweden. At that time the assortment of foodstuffs in shops was narrow, and the display was imperfect compared to that of today, and also he focused on the alcohol which was one of the main motivations for the international cruising tourism between Finland and Sweden as well as Finland and Estonia. In addition to this In the Suonenjoki region, strawberry picking attracts tourists from Russian Carelia every summer offering seasonal income. Self-service strawberry picking attracts tourists locally and regionally on a smaller scale. Food tourism based on safety needs:- In this sector of food tourism , it respected to safety needs which consists mainly of local and international food, as well as health and safety conferences, where participants are mostly university researchers, health officers and retailers .the authors emphases on the international conferences of safety food which organized February 1-3, 2003 in Paris, France and one of the One of the companies sending delegates to this event on an annual basis is Kesko, the second biggest retailer in Finland. Food tourism based on social needs:- In this sector of food tourism the author mentioned that Food is becoming the main point of festivals and special activities that attracts tourists as well as indigenous residents in addition to this Food and food activities can be viewed as complementing the trip and helping to the trips success, the tourists consumption experience, but they can also form a top activity during the trip. Therefore, food and the activities linked to it may become the regions core attraction such as; the International Wine Festival in Kuopio collected about 50,000 visitors in 2003. Food tourism based on esteem needs:- As we said that before esteem needs show an individual desire for a feeling of self-confidence and adequacy, the authors focused on Provincial à   la carte projects which established to promote culinary food tourism and organized in the following regions: Kainuu, Lake Finland, Lapland, Middle Finland, Northern Savo, Northern Carelia, and Ostrobotnia. One of the most important aim of this project is to increase information of the regional food tradition and main materials and to use them in the modern catering services Food tourism based on self-actualizing needs:- In this type of food tourism the authors emphasized on categorized business to be the purpose of a visit in meetings and conferences. According to thee authors Food trade fair tourism involves of international and domestic food trade fairs. There are many international food trade fairs, such as BioFach World Organic Trade Fair in Nuremberg, Germany. International food conferences attract food scientists to increase their knowledge. One annually organized domestic food conference is the Finnish Food Congress which has been organized annually since 1970. It is the largest professional educational event for the food sector in Finland. Through these conferences we can satisfy self actualization of food experts who seek new kinds of culinary ideas and new food products. Such as cooks, restaurant managers, food wholesale buyers etc. The authors in his paper used the empirical findings which indicate that when classifying food tourism by sectors, Maslows hierarchy of needs and motivations can be used as the basis in the classification. Travel motivation: a critical review of the concepts development. By Cathy H.C Hsu and Songshan Huang. The intent of this study represents the development of travel motivation concept over the year; the authors apply Maslows hierarchy theory to travel motivation theory. in addition to this they highlights the two conceptual framework ; travel career leader and travel career pattern . The study also discussed other concepts which influence in travel motivation such as push and pull, Mannel and Iso-Ahlo model of escaping and seeking dimensions, merits of Plogs allocentrism / phsycontrism. In addition the study explained methodological issues in tourist motivation research. We will focus only on the uses of Maslows hierarchy in this study. According to Hsu and Huang (2008) travel motivation related to why people travel motivation related to why people travel so this area is relatively difficult research area of tourism enquiry . Based on this problem this paper reviews some of the most important research pieces relating to the subject, and which document the conceptual development of the motivation construct. Authors mentioned that sociology and social psychology is root of theoretical framework of travel motivation studies. In addition Maslows hierarchy of needs can be used to analyze the theoretical of many tourism researches because is one of the most influential motivation theories in the academic and in the public domain, one reason of this popularity of theory is its simplicity. Maslows theory was developed by clinical psychology, the premise is applicable to others sectors such as counseling, marketing, tourism and organizational psychology. The study also explained how Pears in (1982) used Maslows hierarchy theory in his study the social psychology of tourism behavior . Pears in his study analyzed 400 cases of travel experiences provided by some 200 tourists in Australia, Europe, U.S.A and Canada .he wrote down each respondent one positive experience and one negative experience. Pears analyzed and coded the tourists experience data in to five categories in accordance to Maslows hierarchy. Based on the information s which collected through analyzed, he suggested that travel motivation has the properties of an approach-avoidance paradigm and travelers attracted to holiday destination because of the possibility satisfying self-actualization, love and belongingness and physiological needs in that order of importance. (Hsu and Huang ,2008) This paper also mentioned hat Maslow in his theory discussed two others important human needs: aesthetic needs and the need to know and understand something new. These needs are very important in tourism field because person travels in order to see and learn about something new. But these needs were not included in the hierarchy of needs so the needs are less know to people. Maslows of needs theory as applied to tourism field has been one of the significant main point in travel motivation research, as we said that before this study also highlights the two conceptual framework in understanding travel motivation; travel career leader (TCL) and travel career pattern (TCP). Travel career leader can be traced to Pearces earlier work in tourist behavior and it is based upon Maslows hierarchy of needs. Based on the TCL tourists needs or motivations are organized in a hierarchy with relaxation needs at the lowest level followed by safety needs, relationship needs, self-esteem and development needs and finally fulfillment need. The main idea underlying this conceptual framework is that a persons travel motivation changes with his /her travel experience. (Hsu and Huang,2008) The second conceptual framework which presented recently by Pearce and his friend Lee in (2003) is Travel Career Pattern (TCP), it is also known as adjusted version of TCL. In fact its quite different of travel career leader. This concept tested by Pearce and lee in two studies and generate very similar motivation factors ,these factors can be classified in two groups ; the first one involves the most significant and common motivation factors to tourists such as novelty ,relax and relationship while the other group involves motivation factors that were less significant to respondents e.g. stimulation ,isolation and social status. In addition Pearce and lee proposed three levels of TCP they put significant common motives e.g. relax, relationship and novelty in the main layer, the next layer which surrounding the main layer involves the moderately important travel motives e.g. self -actualization. The outer layer includes of common and less important travel motives e.g. social status, isolation and nostalgia. In addition Pearce and Lee explained that pleasure tourists at all levels of TCP are affected by the most important and central travel motives as well as by less important motives. Travel Career Patter ns as a tourist motivation model is still underdevelopment and its validity requires further rigorous tests. (Hsu and Huang,2008) We can observe the relationship between Maslows hierarchy of needs and TCP and how can Pearce and his colleagues Lee in 666 used maslows theory to introduce this new model. 4-Travel motivations of package tour travellers By Jui Chi Chang In this study the authors examined travel motives as well as travel decision-making of Taiwanese travellers with a group package tour abroad. Tourism is an industry for people who are looking for something different and they want to be treated as valuable customers travel motivation as we know reflects ones needs and wants and can be viewed as a critical variable in relation to their purchase decisions and outcome of satisfaction. Motivation emerges when an individual wants to satisfy a need. According to Maslow theory a person has different needs which he wants to satisfy it and these needs motivate person to act anything in order to satisfy his needs , the author mentioned that , Studying travel motivation helps one to understand customers needs, thus enhancing service providers knowledge about what kinds of experiences travellers seek, especially for certain groups of people in addition to this Understanding of travellers motivations is critical to predict future travel patterns. thats mean its necessary to study motivation theory especially the Maslow theory of need which determine the person need According to the author Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant. The author mentioned that It is difficult to determine which stimulation triggers ones needs in the first place. Besides, one persons needs may not be the same as anothers, even though they are in the same life cycle. Nevertheless, theories of motivation have played an important role in the development of tourism psychology This study suggests that socio-psychological needs are an important motivation for travel, and socio-economic considerations are regarded as a crucial motivation for travel decision-making. Furthermore, travellers decision-making may be strongly influenced by their social relationships friends/relatives recommendations. Finally we can say that Maslow hierarchy theory can used to explain travel behaviour and can help to determine which factor play a vital role to effect on person decision to visit destination and practice some activities. Conclusion There is a wide variety of theoretical frameworks that have been developed and used in attempts to explain the issues of motivation and satisfaction. As we know that, Human needs can be divided into different categories and the successful in tourism field based on how can tourism satisfy stakeholders needs in tourism sector,. Maslows hierarchical needs theory, although developed in the field of clinical psychology has become widely influential as the best-known general theory of motivation and has been applied to explain motivation in many social disciplines, and areas such as business, marketing and tourism. it has been called an emotional trigger that enables marketers to communicate with their target audiences on a personal, meaningful level that goes beyond product benefits. This theory has been broadly accepted and used to explain travel behaviour. Self actualization, the highest need in Maslows hierarchy, generates internal satisfaction and explains the necessity of acquiring knowledge and learning about different cultures. Fulfilling higher-order needs might also be associated with lower-order needs to which multiple motives contribute. Still, it is arguable that not all travellers are able to fulfil the highest need of self-actualization since some people may not consider it to be so significant. One of the main reasons for the popularity of Maslows hierarchy of needs is probably its simplicity. This hierarchy could be related to the travel industry in the sense that unless individuals have their physiological and safety needs met, they are less likely to be interested in travelling the world to make a difference. Self actualization can, in fact, be considered the end or goal of leisure. Finally we can say that, Maslows five-level hierarchy need theory plays a vital role to determine these needs and helps all the parties to understand the different needs of people in order to satisfy it and achieve success in tourism field.

Case Study Papa John’s International, Inc. Twenty-First Century Growth Challenges Essay

1) What is your assessment of Papa John’s differentiation strategy? On what bases does the company differentiate? There are a number of bases on which Papa John’s differentiates itself, many of which are interrelated. First and foremost is Papa John’s offering of a higher-quality pizza, which not only allows them to differentiate on the basis of a product feature (i.e. the high quality ingredients used in the pizza), but, even more importantly, on the basis of reputation. While most other pizza chains have their sights set on more of a cost-leader/low-price strategy, and make an less genuine statement of quality, Papa John’s entire organizational culture is focused squarely upon the pursuit of â€Å"better ingredients, better pizza†. This commitment has in turn endeared it to customer base, and has resulted in a long string of high customer satisfaction ratings. Papa John’s early adoption of online and mobile ordering technologies allowed it to differentiate itself on the bases of both timing of introduction and distribution channels. Papa John’s was in fact the very first pizza chain to offer both internet- and text-based ordering, and it was able to generate tremendous revenues as a first-mover in these then-untapped channels. Being that Papa John’s is a part of the larger fast food industry, and consumers seek out fast food in large part on the basis of its convenience, the value of such a distribution system obviously lies in how easily accessible it made Papa John’s products. 2) Is Papa John’s strategy sustainable? What is your assessment based on a VRIO analysis? Obviously the most sustainable base of Papa John’s differentiation strategy is its reputation as a producer of high-quality pizzas. Such has been earned through years of commitment to the goal of producing a â€Å"perfect pizza†, which is an outgrowth of a strong organizational culture and well-communicated vision. The relationship between Papa John’s and its dedicated customer base is socially complex, and these customers could not be taken away overnight by a rival who suddenly began using better ingredients. However, the underpinning of this reputation – the product feature of high quality ingredients – is not nearly as sustainable, as it is not too costly for Papa John’s rivals of comparable size to ultimately imitate. In fact, Domino’s and Pizza Hut have demonstrated a shift towards  higher-quality ingredients in recent years, and so this point of differentiation is no longer as rare as it once was. However, it will take many mo re years of making pizzas of similarly high quality for either to actually cement the same reputation as Papa John’s, and reputation does remain a very sustainable base of differentiation. However, it is worth considering at which price point the value of this reputation begins to diminish, given the nature of the product category itself. Papa John’s is, after all, a fast food pizza chain, and price does play a significant role in the fast food market. Obviously, part of the value of having a differentiated product is the ability to command premium prices for it, and to easily pass increased costs on to a customer base which is relatively price-insensitive. However, the question here is what price ceiling exists on fast food pizza, regardless of its quality. Papa John’s may have a reputation for the highest-quality fast food pizza, and loyal customers may be willing to pay more for this high-quality fast food pizza than a lower-quality fast food pizza, but the price disparity between the two is unlikely to be anywhere near as great as that between, say, a car made by Rolls Royce and one made by Hyundai. Papa John’s may be able to charge a premium, but it must still exist within what is an essentially narrow price range acceptable for fast food. Should Papa John’s prices exceed this reasonable range – perhaps in the event that they cannot continue staving off ingredient cost volatility as well as they have to this point – then even their most loyal customers will turn to other brands or substitute foods of higher quality which warrant a higher price. The essential point is that price still does play a significant role in Papa John’s reputation – sure they make high-quality pizza, and sure it costs a little more than Domino’s, but that price premium is commensurate with its greater quality, and it strikes the right balance between affordability and quality. However, the value this reputation provides in allowing for higher prices – while it does exist, and thus leads one to conclude that reputation is a source of sustained competitive advantage – does indeed have its constraints. It creates value, but only until reaching a price ceiling which is lower for this product category than for premium products in most other product categories. Regarding Papa John’s other, interrelated bases of  differentiation – timing of introduction and distribution channels – it is evident that these were merely temporary sources of competitive advantage along a base which has given way to compe titive parity. Every other pizza chain (and pretty much every restaurant, chain or independent) now offers online and/or mobile ordering, and thus Papa John’s offering of increased convenience is no longer rare. Furthermore, Papa John’s has not been the first to market with any further similar innovations in the years to follow, and its base of differentiation as a pioneer of clever innovations is in many ways currently dormant. This is perhaps owed to a shift in organizational focus away being the first-to-market with novel propositions as Papa John’s looks increasingly to extending the business they have already perfected to foreign markets. 3) What do you recommend Papa John’s do to achieve its growth goals? Papa John’s has encountered challenges in its attempt to balance its focus on producing a higher-quality pizza with expanding its product mix enough to keep up with competitors who offer broader product mixes. Papa John’s does not want to stretch its focus and resources too thin, and consequently dilute the quality of its pizza by shifting attention away from it. However, many of Papa John’s competitors, namely market leaders Domino’s and Pizza Hut, have broadened their product mixes to include items such as pasta dishes, and Papa John’s has in turn been pressured into adopting similar additions to their menu. Because all of these pizza chains have begun matching each other with regard to product mixes, adding menu items is acting more as a base of competitive parity than competitive advantage. However, in expanding its product mix through co-branding strategies, Papa John’s can forge a far more sustainable base of differentiation. Papa John’s has already partnered with Nestle in adding additional dessert items, and such is a strategy they should continue to pursue aggressively, not merely with Nestle but with many other companies. Obviously Papa John’s can free up its resources and attention in partnering with another company to develop and produce menu items for it, and it can focus more on maintaining its high level of pizza quality. More importantly, if Papa John’s could enter into exclusive deals with these other brands and companies, and in turn be the  only one in the industry to offer products by a given brand of high repute (and even possibly a product made exclusively by that brand for Papa John’s), then its competitors will have much more trouble attempting to match the combined brand equity of Papa John’s and its partn ers. In terms of more of a corporate-level strategy, Papa John’s should consider integrating backward into the production of its high quality ingredients. Obviously it has already done this to some extent with BIBP Commodities, Inc. in combatting cheese price volatility, but they should consider going a step further in actually producing cheese and other ingredients themselves. They would be much better poised to insure a steady stream of consistently-priced ingredients in handling production themselves to some extent, and they would also be able to directly maintain the quality of its ingredients. It has already been stated that the product feature of high-quality ingredients is not very sustainable, and that other pizza chains are already moving to match the quality of Papa John’s ingredients. However, should Papa John’s lock in a supply of high quality ingredients at affordable prices whilst others are still encountering significant price volatility, then it will be more costly for Papa John’s competitors to imitate its pizza quality. Additionally, Papa John’s could act as supplier of ingredients to other restaurants (excepting of course its competitors), just as it originally expanded into the printing industry to produce its own print advertisements, but now also provides printing services to other companies. Expanding into the production of ingredients it already uses so heavily and, by nature of its expertise in producing high-quality pizzas, of which it already as a strong understanding makes greater sense than creating a Hispanic restaurant as is suggested in the text, being this such is a specific category of food with which Papa John’s has no prior experience. In entering a restaurant category so dissimilar, Papa John’s will have to spread its attention thin – far thinner than in expanding its product mix – and, in turn, will likely be distracted from its heretofore steadfast pursuit of â€Å"better pizza†, setting in motion an eventual loss of its hardfought reputation. As stated, Papa John’s reputation is its strongest point of differentiation, and, regardless of whatever move it makes next, it must maintain its high level of brand equity.

Made Up Religion Essay - 1062 Words

Michael Vanchieri Ms. Loos World Religions 6 January 2012 Neivanism Introduction Neivanism is a religion based off of snow. The religion i found where ever there is snow all year round, on the poles, on mountaintops, but mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Greenland, Canada, and Alaska. Mythic Contrary to where Neivanism is practiced, the religion originated in Spain. The story goes that a man named Carlos was stuck in a freak snow storm in Central Spain. The storm lasted for 4 days and for 4 nights. Carlos blunders bout in the storm for this days, and before dawn on the fifth day a figure appeared to him. The figure was tall and broad, and wore a coat of pure white. He introduced†¦show more content†¦Their doctrines have been carved onto a glacier. Ethical The rules and regulations of Neivanism are carved onto a glacier on the outside of the first settlement. If the ice begins to melt, the rules are just re carved.The Neivanists follow a certain set of rues based on good human nature. The main three rules of their religion are, 1) Not to kill another human being 2) Hladgunnr is the only true god 3) Never take more then you need, and if you have more then enough you give it to someone less fortunate. If a person follows these three rules they will be considered a good person. Ritual The religion has one particular ritual that must be strictly followed. Every morning at down the entire community awakens, faces Madrid and prays to their God. They pray for a safe day, success in their life, and to continue to live up to the His three rules. They pray at down because it is when their first prophet Carlos came to this land and founded the religion. The second part of this ritual is when the entire community, again prays, but at sunset. This is meant to represent when Hladgunnr first appeared to Carlos in the blizzard. Social There is a loose heiarchy system that this religion was founded one. At the top of this system is God, he is all knowing and all seeing and he is the ruler of earth. The next tier comes the prophet Carlos. He is Gods messenger, the enforcer of the rules, and the preserver of the religion. Under theShow MoreRelatedReligion : Religion And Religion Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pages Today our world is brimming with diverse cultures, religions, and languages. Being diverse make each individual unique from others. According to the Isaak Sevensson article â€Å"religion has come to play an increasingly important role in shaping today’s world†. In general religion, conflicts are more about human nature than religion itself. People usually create problems and blame the God, saying my religion said it or it s written in the holy book. 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Essay on Personal Narrative- First Job Anxiety - 678 Words

Personal Narrative- First Job Anxiety Thump-thump, thump-thump, thump-thump. My heart began to race as I climbed in my truck early Monday morning. Anticipation grew inside of me at the thought of starting my new job. Would it be difficult? Would I get frustrated? I kept asking myself these questions, but I didnt want to know the answers. All the confidence that I had built up before that day had diminished and I was left with dread. I tried to reassure myself that it was just a summer job and that I would never have to go through it again, but my anxiety had already overcome me. I managed to get myself to the office, trying not to appear intimidated as I entered the front door. I immediately got a wave of relief when I saw my dad†¦show more content†¦Sometimes I wouldnt even consider my ideas, but go strait to what I thought everyone would want me to do. George Orwell had a similar experience, which he expressed in Shooting an Elephant. He said, And suddenly I realized that I should have to shoot the elephant after all. The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills pressing me forward, irresistibly. (Paragraph 7, lines 6-8) These thoughts of submission went through Orwells mind as he faced his predicament, similar to the decisions I had to make but didnt. I felt upset that whenever I attempted to do something without consulting with someone first, I was chastised for it. I tried not hold a grudge about it though, because I had been taught not to be judgmental. When John Hope Franklin was faced with discrimination, his mother told him not to hold it too close to heart. Under no circumstances, she said, should I be upset or distressed because someone sought to demean me. (Paragraph 4, lines 6-7) This changed the way that Franklin looked at the way others acted towards him. It was horrible and there is no way Im going back tomorrow! I exclaimed to my mother. 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Once the realization of just how unprepared the United States was for war sankRead MoreNarrative Therapy Offers a Rewrite of a Persons Life1797 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Often times, people live through painful events in their life that can alter their perception of themselves, their family, and the world. Narrative therapy offers the client the opportunity to re-write their story and gain a different perspective of specific events. It is important to understand that within the history of narrative therapy, therapists view client’s stories through a political lens. Often times, focusing on the oppression and cultural dominance that exists within theRead More Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the plot. Each window represents a different film screen, each which is focused upon only when Jeffries directs his attention to it. He witnesses both the anxieties associated with the beginning of a marriage and the heartache of relationships ending. The plots that are played out before his eyes become more important than his own personal life. In fact, Jeffries renounces the idea of marriage due to the scenes h e witnesses from within his apartment. This is displayed by his initial rejection ofRead MorePersonality Can Be A Hard Concept To Pinpoint, Considering1315 Words   |  6 Pagesextravert. For me I believe my personal narrative has had a large impact on my personality and so I am going to start there. I believe that an individuals personal narrative can be one of the most telling signs of one’s true personality, or at least what got them to how they are today. Most of the theories and the personality tests are used to apply to the masses and they are then able to portion off smaller groups to certain personalities. 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Narrative Summary of Interview On October 26, I had the pleasure of interviewing Heather Smith a clinicalRead MoreThe Effects Of First Generation College Students1133 Words   |  5 PagesFirst generation college students are those who are seeking to be the first in their family to earn a degree, according to UCLA. First- generation students can come from low, middle, or high income families without a history of going to college. Families of first generation students can either be supportive of the students plan for a high education or make them feel family pressure to enter the workforce right after high school like they did. First generation students often do not know their optionsRead MoreUse Of An Autoethnography For My Research Method1425 Words   |  6 PagesMethods I chose to use an autoethnography for my research method, as I will be reflecting on my own experiences, as well as my family’s, in dealing with drug abuse, which will be provided in narrative form. In this narrative, I will observe how the lack of communication about available resources within the community negatively impacted my family, and how it impacts other families in the Mid-South. I will be making evaluative and reformist claims, as I will be evaluating the value of the communicationsRead MoreMental Health Issues And Levels Of Participation1725 Words   |  7 Pagesleading a busy life. As the modern world becomes more and more reliant on technology, and an increasing number of occupations require employees to sit at a desk for long hours, there is a need to remedy the stress that is associated with these â€Å"desk jobs.† This report addresses the connection between mental health issues and levels of participation in outdoor recreation, and after presenting relevant data, gives options for dealing with the aforementioned problems. After multiple surveys were administered